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• gene flow and its possible
consequences • non-target species and biodiversity impacts • resistance risk assessment and management • transgene expression and locus structure • problem formulation and options assessment • useful links to scientific resources |
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| Teaching Tools: Resistance risk assessment and management | |
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Resistance evolution is a real risk. Scientists concur that in the absence of a management strategy insect pests are likely to evolve resistance to transgenic insecticidal crops - such as the Bt crops - and cause crop losses. This section looks at the factors that affect the chances of resistance evolution in pest insects, and considers how to design practical and effective resistance management strategies that are suited to the crop, farming system and the environment of your country. Course content for Resistance Risk Assessment and Management Purpose: This course will teach participants to understand the need for resistance risk assessment and risk management, and to use this understanding to do a case study risk assessment for a particular GM crop during the course. Participants will learn how to rapidly assess the risk of resistance evolution and identify the weak-link species most at risk. During the course, participants will: • Do a rapid resistance risk assessment of chosen crops, and define the regional basis for the assessment (receiving environment) • Design a suitable resistance management strategy for each case study, taking into account dose and efficacy, insect biology, local social and cultural conditions, etc. • Evaluate workability and implementation challenges of the defined resistance management strategies • Design experiments to fill essential information gaps, e.g. dose • Define dose and efficacy of the GM crop and deal with uncertainty about dose • Evaluate the influence of local crop management and pest behavior on the viability of resistance management strategies, e.g. farmer seed saving or pest mobility • Judge what plants or habitats can contribute to the refuge • Reasons for post-commercialization monitoring and the role of baseline information • Weigh pros and cons of different monitoring methods and information needs • Identify possible remedial actions if resistance is detected. 
Refuges delay resistance by providing susceptible insects to mate with the resistant ones from the GM crop
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 pink bollworm  stemborer in maize  some pests can move between cotton and maize |
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